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Country Reports
on Human Rights Practices - 2003 (China Part)
Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
February 25, 2004
The People's Republic of China (PRC) is an authoritarian state in which, as
directed by the Constitution, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP or Party) is the
paramount source of power. Party members hold almost all top government, police,
and military positions. Ultimate authority rests with the 24-member political
bureau (Politburo) of the CCP and its 9-member standing committee. Leaders made
a top priority of maintaining stability and social order and were committed to
perpetuating the rule of the CCP and its hierarchy. Citizens lacked both the
freedom peacefully to express opposition to the Party-led political system and
the right to change their national leaders or form of government. Socialism
continued to provide the theoretical underpinning of national politics, but
Marxist economic planning has given way to pragmatism, and economic
decentralization increased the authority of local officials. The Party's
authority rested primarily on the Government's ability to maintain social
stability; appeals to nationalism and patriotism; Party control of personnel,
media, and the security apparatus; and continued improvement in the living
standards of most of the country's 1.3 billion citizens. The Constitution
provides for an independent judiciary; however, in practice, the Government and
the CCP, at both the central and local levels, frequently interfered in the
judicial process and directed verdicts in many high-profile cases.
The security apparatus is made up of the Ministries of State Security and Public Security, the People's Armed Police, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and the state judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. Security policy and personnel were responsible for numerous human rights abuses.
The country's transition from a centrally planned to a market-based economy
continued. Although state-owned industry remained dominant in key sectors, the
Government has set up a commission to help reform major state-owned enterprises
(SOEs), privatized many small and medium SOEs, and allowed private entrepreneurs
increasing scope for economic activity. Rising urban living standards; greater
independence for entrepreneurs; the reform of the public sector, including
government efforts to improve and accelerate sales of state assets and to
improve management of remaining government monopolies; and expansion of the
non-state sector increased workers' employment options and significantly reduced
state control over citizens' daily lives.
The country faced many economic challenges, including reform of SOEs and the banking system, growing unemployment and underemployment, the need to construct an effective social safety net, and growing regional economic disparities. In recent years, between 100 and 150 million persons voluntarily left rural areas to search for better jobs and living conditions in the cities, where they were often denied access to government-provided economic and social benefits, including education and health care. During the year, the Government issued regulations that relaxed controls over such migration and expanded the rights of migrants to basic social services. In the industrial sector, continued downsizing of SOEs contributed to rising urban unemployment that was widely believed to be much higher than the officially estimated 4 percent, with many sources estimating the actual figure to be as high as 20 percent. Income gaps between coastal and interior regions, and between urban and rural areas, continued to widen. The Government reported that urban per capita income in 2002 was $933 and grew by 12 percent over the previous year, while rural per capita income was $300 and grew by 5 percent. Official estimates of the number of citizens living in absolute poverty showed little change from the previous year, with the Government estimating that 30 million persons lived in poverty and the World Bank, using different criteria, estimating the number to be 100 to 150 million persons.
The Government's human rights record remained poor, and the Government continued
to commit numerous and serious abuses. Although legal reforms continued, there
was backsliding on key human rights issues during the year, including arrests of
individuals discussing sensitive subjects on the Internet, health activists,
labor protesters, defense lawyers, journalists, house church members, and others
seeking to take advantage of the space created by reforms. Citizens did not have
the right peacefully to change their government, and many who openly expressed
dissenting political views were harassed, detained, or imprisoned. Authorities
were quick to suppress religious, political, and social groups that they
perceived as threatening to government authority or national stability.
Abuses included instances of extrajudicial killings, torture and mistreatment of
prisoners, forced confessions, arbitrary arrest and detention, lengthy
incommunicado detention, and denial of due process. Tibetan Lobsang Dondrub was
executed in January, a day after his appeal was denied, despite promises made to
diplomatic observers that the Supreme People's Court (SPC) would review his
case. In April, the Government officially concluded a nationwide "strike hard"
campaign against crime, which was implemented with particular force in Xinjiang
and included expedited trials and public executions. However, short-term
campaigns against specific types of crime were launched in some areas during the
year, and, in Xinjiang, particularly harsh treatment of suspected Uighur
separatists reportedly continued after the official end of the nationwide strike
hard campaign in April. Amnesty International (AI) reported that China executed
more persons than any other country.
The judiciary was not independent, and the lack of due process remained a
serious problem. Government pressure made it difficult for Chinese lawyers to
represent criminal defendants. A number of attorneys were detained for
representing their clients actively. During the year, Beijing defense lawyer
Zhang Jianzhong and Shanghai housing advocate Zheng Enchong both were sentenced
to multi-year prison terms in connection with their defense of controversial
clients. The authorities routinely violated legal protections in the cases of
political dissidents and religious figures. They generally attached higher
priority to suppressing political opposition and maintaining public order than
to enforcing legal norms or protecting individual rights.
Throughout the year, the Government prosecuted individuals for subversion and leaking state secrets as a means to harass and intimidate. In July, lawyer Zhao Changqing was sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment on charges of subversion for his alleged role in drafting an open letter to the November 2002 16th Party Congress urging democratization. At least five others who signed the letter were also prosecuted on such charges. In October, former attorney Zheng Enchong was sentenced to 3 years in prison for "disclosing state secrets" as an alleged result of his providing information about labor and housing protests to a foreign human rights organization. The same month, house church member Liu Fenggang was detained on state secrets charges, allegedly for providing information to overseas nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about his investigation into the destruction of house churches in Zhejiang Province. Others detained, prosecuted, or sentenced on state secrets charges included political dissident Yang Jianli and a number of Internet writers.
Over 250,000 persons were serving sentences, not subject to judicial review, in
"reeducation-through-labor" camps. In April, inmate Zhang Bin was beaten to
death in a reeducation-through-labor camp, prompting public debate on
reeducation through labor and calls to abolish the system.
The number of individuals serving sentences for
the now-repealed crime of counterrevolution was estimated at 500-600; many of
these persons were imprisoned for the nonviolent expression of their political
views. Credible sources estimated that as many as 2,000 persons remained in
prison at year's end for their activities during the June 1989 Tiananmen
demonstrations.
The authorities released political activist Fang
Jue in January. Many others, including China Democracy Party co-founders Wang
Youcai and Qin Yongmin; Internet activists Xu Wei, Yang Zili, and Huang Qi;
Uighur businesswoman Rebiya Kadeer; journalist Jiang Weiping; labor activists
Yao Fuxin, Xiao Yunliang, and Liu Jingsheng; Catholic Bishop Su Zhimin; house
church leaders Zhang Yinan, Liu Fenggang and Xu Yonghai; Tibetan nun Phuntsog
Nyidrol; Uighur historian Tohti Tunyaz; and political dissident Yang Jianli
remained imprisoned or under other forms of detention.
The Government used the international war on terror as a justification for cracking down harshly on suspected Uighur separatists expressing peaceful political dissent and on independent Muslim religious leaders. The human rights situation in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and in some ethnically Tibetan regions outside the TAR also remained poor (see Tibet Addendum).
The Government maintained tight restrictions on freedom of speech and of the
press. The Government regulated the establishment and management of
publications, controlled the broadcast media, at times censored foreign
television broadcasts, and at times jammed radio signals from abroad. During the
year, publications were closed and otherwise disciplined for publishing material
deemed objectionable by the Government, and journalists, authors, academics, and
researchers were harassed, detained, and arrested by the authorities. In May,
Sichuan website manager Huang Qi and students belonging to the New Youth Study
Group received long prison sentences for their Internet essays encouraging
democracy. Others detained or convicted for their Internet activity included Tao
Haidong, Luo Yongzhong, Du Daobin, Yan Jun, Li Zhi, and Jiang Lijun. In
November, Beijing Normal University Student Liu Di and two others were released
on bail after a year of pretrial detention in connection with their Internet
postings. Internet use continued to grow in the country, even as the Government
continued and intensified efforts to monitor and control use of the Internet and
other wireless technology including cellular phones, pagers, and instant
messaging devices. During the year, the Government blocked many websites,
increased regulations on Internet cafes, and pressured Internet companies to
pledge to censor objectionable content. NGOs reported that 39 journalists were
imprisoned at year's end and that 48 persons had been imprisoned by the
Government for their Internet writing during China's brief history of Internet
use.
Initially, news about the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
was strictly censored, and some journals were closed because they disclosed
information about SARS. In April, the Government publicly acknowledged that the
SARS epidemic was more serious than previously admitted. Those accused of
interfering with SARS prevention were detained. Hundreds of Falun Gong
practitioners were detained on such accusations. Information about the spread of
HIV/AIDS also continued to be tightly controlled in some provinces. In June,
hundreds of police violently suppressed protests by persons infected with
HIV/AIDS in Xiongqiao village, Henan Province. Henan health official Ma Shiwen
was detained during the year on charges of disclosing state secrets after
providing information about the extent of the HIV epidemic in Henan Province to
website publishers.
The Government severely restricted freedom of assembly and association and infringed on individuals' rights to privacy.
While the number of religious believers in the country continued to grow,
government respect for religious freedom remained poor. Members of unregistered
Protestant and Catholic congregations; Muslim Uighurs; Tibetan Buddhists,
particularly those residing within the TAR (see Tibet Addendum); and members of
folk religions experienced ongoing and, in some cases, increased official
interference, harassment, and repression. Protestant activists Zhang Yinan, Xu
Yonghai, Liu Fenggang, and Zhang Shengqi were among those detained or sentenced.
However, religious groups in some areas noted a greater freedom to worship than
in the past. The Government continued to enforce regulations requiring all
places of religious activity to register with the Government or to come under
the supervision of official, "patriotic" religious organizations. In some areas,
religious services were broken up and church leaders and adherents were
harassed, detained, or beaten. At year's end, scores of religious adherents
remained in prison because of their religious activities. No visible progress
was made in improving relations between the Government and the Vatican, although
both sides claimed to be ready to resume negotiations aimed at establishing
diplomatic relations. The Government continued its crackdown against the Falun
Gong spiritual movement, and thousands of practitioners remained incarcerated in
prisons, extrajudicial reeducation-through-labor camps, and psychiatric
facilities. Several hundred Falun Gong adherents reportedly have died in
detention due to torture, abuse, and neglect since the crackdown on Falun Gong
began in 1999.
Freedom of movement continued to be restricted. The Government denied the U.N.
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) permission to operate along its border
with North Korea and deported several thousand North Koreans, many of whom faced
persecution upon their return. Abuse and detention of North Koreans in the
country was also reported. However, the Government continued to relax its
residence-based registration requirements and eliminated requirements for work
unit approval of certain personal decisions, such as getting married.
The Government did not permit independent domestic nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) to monitor human rights conditions. In September, the U.N. Special
Rapporteur on the Right to Education visited Beijing. Although the Government
extended "unconditional" invitations to the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Torture,
the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Religious Intolerance, the U.N. Working Group on
Arbitrary Detention, and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom
(USCIRF), expected visits did not occur by year's end. Conditions imposed by the
Government caused negotiations with the U.N. Special Rapporteur for Torture to
break down and caused USCIRF twice to postpone a planned trip.
Violence against women (including imposition of a birth limitation policy
coercive in nature that resulted in instances of forced abortion and forced
sterilization), prostitution, and discrimination against women, persons with
disabilities, and minorities continued to be problems.
Labor demonstrations, particularly those protesting nonpayment of back wages,
continued but were not as large or widespread as those in 2002. In May, Yao
Fuxin and Xiao Yunliang, leaders of the largest demonstrations in 2002, were
sentenced to prison terms on charges of subversion. Workplace safety remained a
serious problem, particularly in the mining industry. The Government continued
to deny internationally recognized worker rights, and forced labor in prison
facilities remained a serious problem. Trafficking in persons also remained a
serious problem.
However, significant legal reforms continued
during the year. In June, the Government abolished the administrative detention
system of "custody and repatriation" for migrants. Reforms also expanded legal
aid and introduced restrictions on extended unlawful detention. In October, the
Third Party Plenum formally approved a constitutional amendment that will, if
approved at the March 2004 session of the National People's Congress, put the
protection of individual rights into China's constitution for the first time. At
year's end, it remained unclear how these reforms would be implemented and what
effect they would have.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27768.htm
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